Estimate causal effects from observational data correctly with the right method, assumptions, and robustness checks.
## CONTEXT Correlation is not causation, yet most analytics stops at correlation and then makes causal decisions anyway. In 2026, when an A/B test is impossible or unethical, causal inference from observational data fills the gap, but only with rigor. The method depends on the question and data: propensity score…
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